This chapter describes how to develop, assemble, and deployJava clients in the following sections:
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Note –TheWeb Profile of the OracleGlassFishTM Server supports the EJB3.1 Lite specification, which allows enterprise beans within web applications,among other features. The full GlassFish Server supports the entire EJB3.1 specification. For details, see JSR 318.
Accordingly, the Application Client Container is supportedonly in the full GlassFish Server, not in the Web Profile.
JMSresources are supported only in the full GlassFish Server, not in theWeb Profile. See Chapter 17, Using the Java Message Service.
The Application Client Container (ACC) includes a set of Javaclasses, libraries, and other files that are required for and distributedwith Java client programs that execute in their own Java Virtual Machine(JVM). The ACC manages the execution of Java EE application clientcomponents (application clients), which are used to access a varietyof Java EE services (such as JMS resources, EJB components, web services,security, and so on.) from a JVM outside the Oracle GlassFish Server.
The ACC communicates with the GlassFish Server using RMI-IIOP protocoland manages the details of RMI-IIOP communication using the clientORB that is bundled with it. Compared to other Java EE containers,the ACC is lightweight.
For information about debugging application clients, see Application Client Debugging.
Note –Interoperability between application clients and GlassFish Serversrunning under different major versions is not supported.
ACC Security
The ACC determines when authentication is needed. This typicallyoccurs when the client refers to an EJB component that requires authorization orwhen annotations in the client's main classtrigger injection which, in turn, requires contact with the GlassFish Server'snaming service. To authenticate the end user, the ACC prompts forany required information, such as a username and password. The ACCitself provides a very simple dialog box to prompt for and read thesevalues.
The ACC integrates with the GlassFish Server’s authenticationsystem. It also supports SSL (Secure Socket Layer)/IIOP if configuredand when necessary; see Using RMI/IIOP Over SSL.
You can provide an alternate implementation to gather authenticationinformation, tailored to the needs of the application client. Todo so, include the class to perform these duties in the applicationclient and identify the fully-qualified name of this class in the callback-handler element of the application-client.xml descriptor for the client. The ACC uses this class insteadof its default class for asking for and reading the authenticationinformation. The class must implement the javax.security.auth.callback.CallbackHandler interface. See the Java EE specification, section 9.2, Application Clients: Security, for more details.
Application clients can use Programmatic Login.
ACC Naming
The client container enables the application clients to usethe Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) to look up Java EEservices (such as JMS resources, EJB components, web services, security,and so on.) and to reference configurable parameters set at the timeof deployment.
ACC Annotation
Annotation is supported for the main class and the optional callback handlerclass in application clients. For more information,see Deployment Descriptors and Annotations in Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Application Deployment Guide.
Java Web Start
Java Web Start allows your application client to be easily launchedand automatically downloaded and updated. It is enabled for all applicationclients by default. For more information, see Using Java Web Start.
Application Client JAR File
In GlassFish Server 3.0.1, the appclient JAR file is smallerthan in previous releases, with dependent classes in separate JARfiles. When copying the appclient to another location, make sure toinclude the JAR files containing the dependent classes as well. Youcan also use the asadmin get-client-stubs commandto retrieve the appclient and all associated application JAR filesand place them in another location.
This section describes the procedure to develop, assemble, anddeploy client applications using the ACC. This section describes thefollowing topics:
To Access an EJB Component From an ApplicationClient
In your client code, reference the EJB component by usingan @EJB annotation or by looking up the JNDI nameas defined in the ejb-jar.xml file.
For more informationabout naming and lookups, see Accessing the Naming Context.
Define the @EJB annotations or the ejb-ref elements in the application-client.xml file.Define the corresponding ejb-ref elements in the sun-application-client.xml file.
For more information on the sun-application-client.xml file, see The sun-application-client.xml file in Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Application Deployment Guide. For a general explanation of how to mapJNDI names using reference elements, see Mapping References.
Deploy the application client and EJB component togetherin an application.
For more information on deployment,see the Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Application Deployment Guide.To get the client JAR file, use the ----retrieve option of the asadmin deploy command.
To retrieve the stubs and ties whether or not you requestedtheir generation during deployment, use the asadmin get-client-stubs command. For details, see the Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Reference Manual.
Ensure that the client JAR file includes the followingfiles:
A Java class to access the bean.
application-client.xml - (optional)Java EE application client deployment descriptor.
sun-application-client.xml -(optional) GlassFish Server specific client deployment descriptor. Forinformation on the sun-application-client.xml file,see The sun-application-client.xml file in Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Application Deployment Guide.
The MANIFEST.MF file. This filecontains a reference to the main class, whichstates the complete package prefix and class name of the Java client.
Prepare the client machine. This step is not needed forJava Web Start.
If you are using the appclient script, packagethe GlassFish Server system files requiredto launch application clients on remote systems usingthe package-appclient script, then retrieve the application client itself usingthe asadmin get-client-stubs command.
For more information, see Using the package-appclient Script and the Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Reference Manual.
To access EJB components thatare residing in a remote system, make the following changes to the sun-acc.xml file or the appclient script.This step is not needed for Java Web Start.
Define the target-server element’s address and port attributes to referencethe remote server machine and its ORB port. See target-server in Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Application Deployment Guide.
Usethe -targetserver option of the appclient script toreference the remote server machine and its ORB port. For more information,see Running an Application Client Using the appclient Script.
To determine the ORB port on the remote server, use the asadminget command. For example:
For more information about the asadmin get command,see the Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Reference Manual.
Run the application client.
See Using Java Web Start or Running an Application Client Using the appclient Script.
To Access a JMS Resource From an ApplicationClient
Create a JMS client.
Next, configure a JMS resource on the GlassFish Server.
For information on configuring JMS resources, see Creating JMS Resources: Destinations and Connection Factories.
Define the @Resource or @Resources annotations or the resource-ref elementsin the application-client.xml file. Define thecorresponding resource-ref elements in the sun-application-client.xml file.
Formore information on the sun-application-client.xml file,see The sun-application-client.xml file in Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Application Deployment Guide. For a general explanation of how to mapJNDI names using reference elements, see Mapping References.
Ensure that the client JAR file includes the followingfiles:
A Java class to access the resource.
application-client.xml - (optional)Java EE application client deployment descriptor.
sun-application-client.xml -(optional) GlassFish Server specific client deployment descriptor. Forinformation on the sun-application-client.xml file,see The sun-application-client.xml file in Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Application Deployment Guide.
The MANIFEST.MF file. This filecontains a reference to the main class, whichstates the complete package prefix and class name of the Java client.
Prepare the client machine. This step is not needed forJava Web Start.
If you are using the appclient script, packagethe GlassFish Server system files requiredto launch application clients on remote systems usingthe package-appclient script, then retrieve the application client itself usingthe asadmin get-client-stubs command.
For more information, see Using the package-appclient Script and the Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Reference Manual.
Run the application client.
See Using Java Web Start or Running an Application Client Using the appclient Script.
Using Java Web Start
Java Web Start allows your application client to be easily launchedand automatically downloaded and updated. General information aboutJava Web Start is available at http://java.sun.com/javase/technologies/desktop/javawebstart/index.jsp.
Java Web Start is discussed in the following topics:
Enabling and Disabling Java Web Start
Java Web Start is enabled for all application clients by default.
The application developer or deployer can specify that JavaWeb Start is always disabled for an application client by settingthe value of the eligible element to false inthe sun-application-client.xml file. See the Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Application Deployment Guide.
The GlassFish Server administrator can disableJava Web Start for a previously deployed eligible application clientusing the asadmin set command.
To disable Java Web Start for all eligible application clientsin an application, use the following command:
To disable Java Web Start for a stand-alone eligible applicationclient, use the following command:
Setting java-web-start-enabled='true' re-enablesJava Web Start for an eligible application client. For more informationabout the asadmin set command, see the Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Reference Manual.
Downloading and Launching an ApplicationClient
If Java Web Start is enabled foryour deployed application client, you can launch it for testing. Simplyclick on the Launch button next to the application client or application'slisting on the App Client Modules page in the Administration Console.
On other machines, you can download and launch the applicationclient using Java Web Start in the following ways:
Using a web browser, directly enter the URL for theapplication client. See The Application Client URL.
Click on a link to the application client from a webpage.
Use the Java Web Start command javaws,specifying the URL of the application client as a command line argument.
If the application has previously been downloadedusing Java Web Start, you have additional alternatives.
Use the desktop icon that Java Web Start created forthe application client. When Java Web Start downloads an applicationclient for the first time it asks you if such an icon should be created.
Use the Java Web Start control panel to launch theapplication client.
When you launch an application client, Java Web Start contactsthe server to see if a newer client version is available. This meansyou can redeploy an application client without having to worry aboutwhether client machines have the latest version.
The Application Client URL
The default URL for an application or module generally is asfollows:
The default URL for a stand-alone application client moduleis as follows:
The default URL for an application client module embedded withinan application is as follows. Note that the relative path to the applicationclient JAR file is included.
If the context-root, appclient-module-id, or application-id is notspecified during deployment, the name of the JAR or EAR file withoutthe extension is used. If the application client module or applicationis not in JAR or EAR file format, an appclient-module-id or application-id is generated.
Regardless of how the context-root or id is determined, it is written to the server log. Fordetails about naming, see Naming Standards in Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Application Deployment Guide.
To set a different URL for an application client, use the context-root subelement of the java-web-start-access elementin the sun-application-client.xml file. Thisoverrides the appclient-module-id or application-id. See Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Application Deployment Guide.
You can also pass arguments to the ACC or to the applicationclient's main method as query parameters inthe URL. If multiple application client arguments are specified, theyare passed in the order specified.
A question mark separates the context root from the arguments.Ampersands (&) separate the arguments and theirvalues. Each argument and each value must begin with arg=.Here is an example URL with a -color argument fora stand-alone application client. The -color argumentis passed to the application client's main method.
If you are using the javawsURL command to launch Java Web Start with a URL that containsarguments, enclose the URL in double quotes (')to avoid breaking the URL at the ampersand (&)symbol.
Ideally, you should build your production application clientswith user-friendly interfaces that collect information which mightotherwise be gathered as command-line arguments. This minimizes thedegree to which users must customize the URLs that launch applicationclients using Java Web Start. Command-line argument support is usefulin a development environment and for existing application clientsthat depend on it.
Signing JAR Files Used in Java Web Start
Java Web Start enforces a security sandbox. By default it grantsany application, including application clients, only minimal privileges. Because Java Web Start applications can be so easily downloaded,Java Web Start provides protection from potentially harmful programsthat might be accessible over the network. If an application requiresa higher privilege level than the sandbox permits, the code that needsprivileges must be in a JAR file that was signed. When Java Web Startdownloads such a signed JAR file, it displays information about thecertificate that was used to sign the JAR, and it asks you whetheryou want to trust that signed code. If you agree, the code receiveselevated permissions and runs. If you reject the signed code, JavaWeb Start does not start the downloaded application.
The GlassFish Server serves two types of signed JAR filesin response to Java Web Start requests. One type is a JAR file installedas part of the GlassFish Server, which starts an application client duringa Java Web Start launch: as-install/modules/gf-client.jar.
The other type is a generatedapplication client JAR file. As part of deployment, the GlassFish Server generatesa new application client JAR file that contains classes, resources,and descriptors needed to run the application client on end-user systems.When you deploy an application with the asadmin deploy command's ----retrieve option, use the asadminget-client-stubs command, or select the Generate RMIStubsoption from the EJB Modules deployment page in the Administration Console,this is the JAR file retrieved to your system. Because applicationclients need access beyond the minimal sandbox permissions to workin the Java Web Start environment, the generated application clientJAR file must be signed before it can be downloaded to and executedon an end-user system.
A JAR file can be signed automatically or manually. The followingsections describe the ways of signing JAR files.
Automatically Signing JAR Files
The GlassFish Server automatically creates a signed version ofthe required JAR file if none exists. When a Java Web Start requestfor the gf-client.jar file arrives, the GlassFish Server looks for domain-dir/java-web-start/gf-client.jar. When a request for an application's generatedapplication client JAR file arrives, the GlassFish Server looks in thedirectory domain-dir/java-web-start/app-name for a file with the same name as the generated JARfile created during deployment.
In either case, if the requested signed JAR file is absent orolder than its unsigned counterpart, the GlassFish Server creates a signedversion of the JAR file automatically and deposits it in the relevantdirectory. Whether the GlassFish Server just signed the JAR file or not,it serves the file from the domain-dir/java-web-start directorytree in response to the Java Web Start request.
To sign these JAR files, the GlassFish Server uses its self-signedcertificate. When you create a new domain, either by installing the GlassFish Server orby using the asadmin create-domain command, the GlassFish Server createsa self-signed certificate and adds it to the domain's key store.
A self-signed certificate is generally untrustworthy becauseno certification authority vouches for its authenticity. The automaticsigning feature uses the same certificate to create all required signedJAR files. To sign different JAR files with different certificates,do the signing manually.
Usingthe jar-signing-alias Deployment Property
The asadmindeploy command property jar-signing-alias specifiesthe alias for the security certificate with which the applicationclient container JAR file is signed.
Java Web Start won'texecute code requiring elevated permissions unless it resides in aJAR file signed with a certificate that the user's system trusts.For your convenience, GlassFish Server signs the JAR file automaticallyusing the self-signed certificate from the domain, s1as.Java Web Start then asks the user whether to trust the code and displaysthe GlassFish Server certificate information.
To sign thisJAR file with a different certificate, first add the certificate tothe domain keystore. You can use a certificate from a trusted authority,which avoids the Java Web Start prompt, or from your own company,which users know they can trust. To add a certificate to the domainkeystore, see Administering JSSE Certificates in Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Administration Guide.
Next, deploy your application using the jar-signing-alias property. For example:
For more information about the asadmin deploy command,see the Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Reference Manual.
Manually Signing the Generated ApplicationClient JAR File
You can sign the generated application client JAR file for anapplication any time after you have deployed the application. As youdeploy the application, you can specify the asadmin deploy command's ----retrieve option or select the GenerateRMIStubs option on the EJB Modules deployment page in the Administration Console.Doing either of these tasks returns a copy of the generated applicationclient JAR file to a directory you specify. Or, after you have deployedan application, you can download the generated application clientJAR file using the asadmin get-client-stubs command.
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Once you have a copy of the generated application client JARfile, you can sign it using the jarsigner tooland your certificate. Then place the signed JAR file in the domain-dir/java-web-start/app-name directory.You do not need to restart the server to start using the new signedJAR file.
Error Handling
When an application client is launched using Java Web Start,any error that the application client logic does not catch and handleis written to System.err and displayed in a dialogbox. This display appears if an error occurs even before the applicationclient logic receives control. It also appears if the applicationclient code does not catch and handle errors itself.
Vendor Icon, Splash Screen, and Text
To specify a vendor-specific icon, splash screen, text string,or a combination of these for Java Web Start download and launch screens,use the vendor element in the sun-application-client.xml file. The complete format of this element's data is asfollows:
The following example vendor element contains an icon, a splashscreen, and a text string:
The following example vendor element contains an icon and atext string:
The following example vendor element contains a splash screenand a text string; note the initial double colon:
The following example vendor element contains only a text string:
The default value is the text string Application Client.
For more information about the sun-application-client.xml file, see the Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Application Deployment Guide.
Using the Embeddable ACC
You can embed the ACC into your application client. If you placethe as-install/modules/gf-client.jar file inyour runtime classpath, your application creates the ACC after yourapplication code has started, then requests that the ACC start theapplication client portion. The basic model for coding is as follows:
Create a builder object.
Operate on the builder to configure the ACC.
Obtain a new ACC instance from the builder.
Present a client archive or class to the ACC instance.
Start the client running within the newly createdACC instance.
Your code should follow this general pattern:
The ACC loads the application client's main class,performs any required injection, and transfers control to the static main method. The ACC's run methodreturns to the calling application as soon as the client's main method returns to the ACC.
If the application client's main methodstarts any asynchronous activity, that work continues after the ACCreturns. The ACC has no knowledge of whether the client's main method triggers asynchronous work. Therefore, if theclient causes work on threads other than the calling thread, and ifthe embedding application needs to know when the client's asynchronouswork completes, the embedding application and the client must agreeon how this happens.
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The ACC's shutdown handling is invoked from the ACC's close method. The calling application can invoke acc.close() to close down any services started by the ACC. If the applicationclient code started any asynchronous activity that might still dependon ACC services, invoking close before thatasynchronous activity completes could cause unpredictable and undesirableresults. The shutdown handling is also run automatically at VM shutdownif the code has not invoked close beforethen.
The ACC does not prevent the calling application from creatingor running more than one ACC instance during a single execution ofthe application either serially or concurrently. However, other servicesused by the ACC (transaction manager, security, ORB, and so on) mightor might not support such serial or concurrent reuse.
Running an Application Client Using the appclient Script
To run an application client, you can launch the ACC using the appclient script, whether or not Java Web Start is enabled.This is optional. This script is located in the as-install/bin directory. GlassFish Server 3.0.1 introduces new featuresand syntax for the appclient script, includingthe -targetserver option and the ability to specifyJVM options more conveniently. For details, see the Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Reference Manual.
Using the package-appclient Script
You can package the GlassFish Server system files required to launchapplication clients on remote systems into a single JAR file using the package-appclient script.This is optional. This script is located in the as-install/bin directory. For details, see the Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Reference Manual.
The client.policy File
The client.policy file is the J2SE policyfile used by the application client. Each application client has a client.policy file. The default policy file limits thepermissions of Java EE deployed application clients to the minimalset of permissions required for these applications to operate correctly.If an application client requires more than this default set of permissions,edit the client.policy file to add the custompermissions that your application client needs. Use the J2SE standardpolicy tool or any text editor to edit this file.
For more information on using the J2SE policy tool, see http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/security/tour2/index.html.
For more information about the permissions you can set in the client.policy file, see http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/security/permissions.html.
Using RMI/IIOP Over SSL
You can configure RMI/IIOP over SSL in two ways: using a usernameand password, or using a client certificate.
To use a username and password, configure the ior-security-config element in the sun-ejb-jar.xml file.The following configuration establishes SSL between an applicationclient and an EJB component using a username and password. The userhas to login to the ACC using either the sun-acc.xml mechanismor the Programmatic Login mechanism.
For more information about the sun-ejb-jar.xml and sun-acc.xml files, see the Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Application Deployment Guide.
To use a client certificate, configure the ior-security-config element in the sun-ejb-jar.xml file.The following configuration establishes SSL between an applicationclient and an EJB component using a client certificate.
To use a client certificate, you must also specify the systemproperties for the keystore and truststore to be used in establishingSSL. To use SSL with the Application Client Container (ACC), you needto set these system propertiesin one of the following ways:
Use the new syntax of the appclient scriptand specify the system properties as JVM options. See Running an Application Client Using the appclient Script.
Set the environment variable VMARGS inthe shell. For example, in the ksh or bash shell,the command to set this environment variable would be as follows:
Set the env element usingAnt (see Chapter 3, Using Ant with GlassFishTM Server). For example:
Connecting to a Remote EJB Module Througha Firewall
To deploy and run an application client that connects to anEJB module on a GlassFish Server instance that is behind a firewall,you must set ORB Virtual Address Agent Implementation (ORBVAA) options.Use the asadmin create-jvm-options command as follows:
Set the ORBVAAHost and ORBVAAPort optionsto the host and port of the public address. The ORBUserConfigurators option tells the ORB to create an instance of the VirtualAddressAgentImpl class and invoke the configure methodon the resulting object, which must implement the com.sun.corba.ee.spi.orb.ORBConfigurator interface. The ORBUserConfigurators valuedoesn't matter. Together, these options create an ORB that in turncreates Object references (the underlying implementationof remote EJB references) containing the public address, while theORB listens on the private address specified for the IIOP port inthe GlassFish Server configuration.
Using JavaFX Code
To use JavaFXTM code in an applicationclient, compile the JavaFX script into a Java class and place theJava class in the appclient JAR file. To access back-end resourcessuch as EJB components from a JavaFX script, you can write staticpublic methods in your application client main class that refer toinjected resources. The JavaFX script code can then refer to thosestatic methods.
Specifying a Splash Screen
Java SE 6 offers splash screen support, either through a Javacommand-line option or a manifest entry in the application's JAR file.To take advantage of this Java SE feature in your application client,you can do one of the following:
Create the appclient JAR file so that its manifestcontains a SplashScreen-Image entry that specifiesthe path to the image in the client. The java commanddisplays the splash screen before starting the ACC or your client,just as with any Java application.
Use the new appclient ... -jar launchformat, using the -splash command-line option at runtimeor the SplashScreen-Image manifest entry at developmenttime. See Running an Application Client Using the appclient Script.
In the environment that runs the appclient script,set the VMOPTS environment variable to include the -splash option before invoking the appclient scriptto launch the client.
Build an application client that uses the embeddableACC feature and specify the splash screen image using one of the following:
The -splash option of the java command
SplashScreen-Image in the manifestfor your program (not the manifest for the application client)
See Using the Embeddable ACC.
During application (EAR file) deployment, the GlassFish Server generatesfaçade JAR files, one for the application and one for eachapplication client in the application. During application client moduledeployment, the GlassFish Server generates a single facade JAR for theapplication client. The appclient script supportssplash screens inside the application client JAR only if you launchan application client facade or appclient client JAR. If you launchthe facade for an application or the undeployed application itself,the appclient script cannot take advantage of theJava SE 6 splash screen feature.
Setting Login Retries
You can set a JVM option using the appclient scriptthat determines the number of login retries allowed. This option is -Dorg.glassfish.appclient.acc.maxLoginRetries=n where n is a positive integer. The default number of retriesis 3.
This retry loop happens when the ACC attempts to perform injectionif you annotated the client's main class (forexample, using @Resource). If instead of annotationsyour client uses the InitialContext explicitlyto look up remote resources, the retry loop does not apply. In thiscase, you could write logic to catch an exception around the lookupand retry explicitly.
For details about the appclient script syntax,see the Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Reference Manual.
Using Libraries with ApplicationClients
The Libraries field in the Administration Console's deployment pageand the ----libraries option ofthe asadmin deploy command do not apply to applicationclients. Neither do the as-install/lib, domain-dir/lib, and domain-dir/lib/classes directoriescomprising the Common Class Loader. These apply only to applicationsand modules deployed to the server. For more information, see Chapter 2, Class Loaders.
To use libraries with an application client, package the applicationclient in an application (EAR file). Then, either place the librariesin the /lib directory of the EAR file or specifytheir location in the application client JAR file's manifest Class-Path.